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0;--s_cf:50%;--m_ds1:50ms;--m_ds2:100ms;--m_ds3:150ms;--m_ds4:200ms;--m_dm1:250ms;--m_dm2:300ms;--m_dm3:350ms;--m_dm4:400ms;--m_dl1:450ms;--m_dl2:500ms;--m_dl3:550ms;--m_dl4:600ms;--m_de1:700ms;--m_de2:800ms;--m_de3:900ms;--m_de4:1000ms;--m_el:0,0,1,1;--m_es:0.2,0,0,1;--m_esa:0.3,0,1,1;--m_esd:0,0,0,1;--m_ee:0.2,0,0,1;--m_eea:0.3,0,0.8,0.15;--m_eed:0.05,0.7,0.1,1;--m_elg:0.4,0,0.2,1;--m_elga:0.4,0,1,1;--m_elgd:0,0,0.2,1;--cc_w:255,255,255;--cc_b:0,0,0;--c_p:1,31,48;--c_op:255,255,255;--c_pc:203,230,253;--c_opc:1,31,48;--c_s:67,81,200;--c_os:255,255,255;--c_sc:223,224,255;--c_osc:0,9,101;--c_t:83,97,98;--c_ot:255,255,255;--c_tc:215,229,230;--c_otc:17,30,31;--c_e:179,38,30;--c_oe:255,255,255;--c_ec:249,222,220;--c_oec:65,14,11;--c_co:109,123,124;--c_b:255,255,255;--c_ob:17,30,32;--c_su:249,249,249;--c_osu:17,30,32;--c_suv:215,229,230;--c_osuv:60,73,74;--c_is:38,51,53;--c_iso:239,241,242;--c_ip:175,202,224;--c_sh:0,0,0;--c_st:1,31,48;--c_cov:187,201,202;--c_scr:0,0,0;--c_suchs:225,234,236;--c_such:231,239,241;--c_suc:245,245,245;--c_sucl:249,249,249;--c_scls:255,255,255;--c_sub:249,249,249;--c_sud:209,220,222}:root ::-webkit-scrollbar,:root ::-webkit-scrollbar-corner{background:0 0;width:9pt;height:9pt}body,frameset{padding:0;margin:0;color:rgb(var(--c_ob));background:rgb(var(--c_b));font-family:var(--t_bmf);font-size:var(--t_bms);line-height:var(--t_bmlh);font-weight:var(--t_bmw);letter-spacing:var(--t_bmt)}body{--space_nav_top:0px;--space_nav_bottom:0px;--space_nav_left:0px;--space_nav_right:0px;--DIT:0px;--DFQ:visible;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:var(--DFQ)}footer,header{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start}score-pointer{z-index:11000}addium-header .main *,addium-menu-footer p,addium-menu-footer p *,score-text 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Molte caramelle hanno una consistenza particolare: gommosa, croccante, liscia, granulosa, appiccicosa o morbida. Anche i sapori dei dolciumi sono altrettanto caratteristici. Questi due elementi si uniscono per formare l'esperienza del cliente. L'umidità gioca un ruolo fondamentale nella consistenza dei prodotti dolciari. Esiste infatti un intervallo ideale di attività dell'acqua, un punto di forza, che massimizza la consistenza e la qualità. La giusta misurazione dell'umidità è fondamentale per quasi tutti i prodotti. L'attività dell'acqua è il metodo più efficace per misurare e monitorare l'umidità.
L'attività dell'acqua influisce sulle proprietà fisiche degli alimenti. Gli alimenti con un'elevata attività dell'acqua hanno una consistenza umida, succosa, tenera e masticabile. Quando l'attività dell'acqua di questi prodotti viene abbassata, si verificano attributi testuali indesiderati, come durezza, secchezza, stalking e durezza. I prodotti a bassa attività idrica hanno attributi di consistenza descritti come croccanti e friabili, mentre questi prodotti a livelli di attività idrica più elevati assumono una consistenza molliccia. Poiché l'attività dell'acqua è strettamente correlata alla consistenza del prodotto, è facile stabilire specifiche relative a importanti caratteristiche di consistenza.
Ci sono due modi in cui la consistenza può essere sbagliata: può essere sbagliata nel momento in cui il prodotto viene realizzato, oppure può essere sbagliata nel corso del tempo, quando il prodotto viene conservato sullo scaffale. Se un biscotto con gocce di cioccolato, che è già croccante, esce dalla linea di produzione, è probabile che sia stata tolta troppa acqua durante il processo di cottura. Un'altra complicazione si verifica se i prodotti subiscono un cambiamento di fase durante la conservazione. Questi cambiamenti, tra cui la transizione vetrosa e la cristallizzazione, trasformano i prodotti lisci in prodotti granulosi o i prodotti morbidi in mattoni induriti.
Crackers, patatine, riccioli di mais soffiato e popcorn perdono la loro croccantezza sensoriale con l'aumentare dell'attività dell'acqua. L'intensità della croccantezza e la consistenza edonica complessiva dei prodotti snack secchi sono funzione dell'attività dell'acqua (Katz e Labuza, 1981). Le attività idriche critiche indicano dove il prodotto diventa inaccettabile dal punto di vista sensoriale. Queste rientrano nell'intervallo in cui si verificano le trasformazioni da amorfe a cristalline nei sistemi alimentari a base di zuccheri semplici e inizia la mobilitazione dei costituenti alimentari solubili. Un'eccessiva e rapida essiccazione o il riassorbimento dell'umidità da parte di un materiale vetroso possono causare la perdita del prodotto per fessurazione e rottura eccessiva.
L'attività dell'acqua svolge un ruolo fondamentale nella prevenzione di questi problemi. Innanzitutto, i test sensoriali possono essere utilizzati per definire i livelli di attività dell'acqua accettabili durante il processo di produzione. Una volta stabilite le specifiche, monitorarle è facile: basta usare un misuratore di attività dell'acqua su ogni lotto o partita. L'uso di un analizzatore di assorbimento del vapore per identificare i problemi prima che inizino è ancora più efficace. Un'isoterma di assorbimento dell'umidità può rivelare quali sono i livelli di attività dell'acqua critici per le variazioni di consistenza.
In genere, l'attività idrica critica viene individuata attraverso uno studio approfondito della tessitura, ma esiste un modo più semplice. È stato dimostrato che le curve isoterme dinamiche ad alta risoluzione (vedi Figura 1) consentono di identificare i valori critici dell'attività dell'acqua (RHc) che individuano il punto in cui la tessitura corretta viene meno grazie a brusche inflessioni nella curva di adsorbimento dell'umidità.
Uno studio condotto dai ricercatori della Washington State University ha cercato di determinare se le curve isoterme dinamiche dei biscotti snack a bassa attività idrica potessero essere utilizzate per identificare un'attività idrica critica e se questa attività idrica potesse essere utilizzata come indicatore di stabilità della texture.
I ricercatori hanno scoperto che l'effetto dell'attività dell'acqua sulla croccantezza era più importante della temperatura e che l'attività critica dell'acqua identificava effettivamente il punto iniziale in cui si perdeva la consistenza corretta. Ciò significa che l'utilizzo dell'attività critica dell'acqua consente un'estrema precisione nel determinare il punto esatto di perdita di consistenza, importante perché un RHc può essere ottenuto con molto meno lavoro e tempo di uno studio sulla consistenza. Inoltre, nei prodotti venduti a peso, conoscere l'esatta quantità di acqua che influenza la stabilità della struttura ha un impatto diretto sul risultato finale.
Carter, Brady Paul. Indagini sulle applicazioni pratiche dell'attività critica dell'acqua dalle isoterme dinamiche del punto di rugiada. Washington State University, 2015. Link all'articolo.
Katz, E. E. e T. P. Labuza. "Effetto dell'attività dell'acqua sulla croccantezza sensoriale e sulla deformazione meccanica dei prodotti snack". Journal of Food Science 46, no. 2 (1981): 403-409. Link all'articolo.